South Wales Hundred. Part 3: Storey Arms to New Tredegar, 25 miles, Saturday 18th August 2018,
Location, Details
South Wales Hundred. Part 3: Storey Arms to New Tredegar, 25 miles, Saturday 18th August 2018,
Location
Meet at: 08:00, Station Row Car Park, New Tredegar, SO142032
Description: Part three of the SW100. Leaving the Storey Arms climb to cross the central Beacons and on to Carn Pica. Descend to Talybont Reservoir Dam and then climb Mynydd Tor y Foel. Then south to cross the flank of Mynydd Llangynidr and on to reach Trefil. Then over Rhymney Hill and on to Mynydd Bedwellte and downhill to New Tredegar.
Notes: Minibus to Storey Arms. Names to Rod Hollands. When the bus is full, anyone else wanting to go will have to arrange car sharing.
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: A. Walk Grade: Demanding. (What's this?)
Contact: Rod Hollands, Tel: 01594844829
Down By The Seaside, 50 miles, Friday 24th August 2018,
Location, Details
Down By The Seaside, 50 miles, Friday 24th August 2018,
Location
Meet at: 19:00, Chepstow Leisure Centre Car Park (free)., ST529943
Description: A new route from Abergavenny to Chepstow. Following on from the success of "Travelling Riverside Blues", here is another opportunity to walk across the county.
A late evening / night time exploration of the Black Mountains, then to Usk and a return to Chepstow along the Usk Valley, Wentwood and the coast arriving back in Chepstow between 4pm and 6pm. Walk has 7235 ft of climbing.
Notes: Replenish in Usk after 25 miles. Walkers to take personal responsibility should they need to leave the walk by arranging to get themselves back to Chepstow. Contact David Morgan to book space on bus. Non South Wales LDWA members £5. The walk will finish at a pub in Chepstow and have a meal. It is perfectly feasible for members to use the train to reach Chepstow and to let the train take the strain at the end of this long walk!
A Near Full Moon expected.
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: A. Walk Grade: Demanding. (What's this?)
Contact: David Morgan, email: southwalesldwa@live.co.uk
Down By The Seaside continued, 25.6 miles, Saturday 25th August 2018,
Location, Details
Down By The Seaside continued, 25.6 miles, Saturday 25th August 2018,
Location
Meet at: 07:00, Maryport Street North Car Park (Free), SO376007
Description: Continuation of the walk that started the previous evening in Abergavenny and will finish in Chepstow passing through Usk on route. Opportunity for others to join walk at Usk but will have to make own arrangements to either car share from Chepstow or use bus to return to Usk. The walk will finish at a pub in Chepstow and have a meal.
Notes: Walk will leave Usk at 7am from Maryport Car Park.
Bus 63 leaves Chepstow to return to Usk at 1750 Hrs and 1915 Hrs.
3437 ft ascent.
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Saturday 22nd September 2018,
Location, Details
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Saturday 22nd September 2018,
Location
Meet at: 08:30, Based on the town of Keswick., NY266232
Description: Anyone wishing to join South Wales LDWA on this week's walking trip in Lake District to email David Morgan and advise that they are coming. Details of day's walk will then be provided. Please note that walks will not always start and finish in Keswick.
Grid reference(s):Meet: NY266232, Start: NY266232
Map(s):Explorer: 4 / 5 / 6 / 7
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: B. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
Contact: David Morgan, email: southwalesldwa@live.co.uk
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Sunday 23rd September 2018,
Location, Details
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Sunday 23rd September 2018,
Location
Meet at: 08:30, Based on the town of Keswick. , NY266232
Description: Anyone wishing to join South Wales LDWA on this week's walking trip in Lake District to email David Morgan and advise that they are coming. Details of day's walk will then be provided. Please note that walks will not always start and finish in Keswick.
Grid reference(s):Meet: NY266232, Start: NY266232
Map(s):Explorer: 4 / 5 / 6 / 7
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: B. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
Contact: David Morgan, email: southwalesldwa@live.co.uk
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Monday 24th September 2018,
Location, Details
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Monday 24th September 2018,
Location
Meet at: 08:30, Based on the town of Keswick., NY266232
Description: Anyone wishing to join South Wales LDWA on this week's walking trip in Lake District to email David Morgan and advise that they are coming. Details of day's walk will then be provided. Please note that walks will not always start and finish in Keswick.
Grid reference(s):Meet: NY266232, Start: NY266232
Map(s):Explorer: 4 / 5 / 6 / 7
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: B. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
Contact: David Morgan, email: southwalesldwa@live.co.uk
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Tuesday 25th September 2018,
Location, Details
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Tuesday 25th September 2018,
Location
Meet at: 08:30, Based on the town of Keswick., NY266232
Description: Anyone wishing to join South Wales LDWA on this week's walking trip in Lake District to email David Morgan and advise that they are coming. Details of day's walk will then be provided. Please note that walks will not always start and finish in Keswick.
Grid reference(s):Meet: NY266232, Start: NY266232
Map(s):Explorer: 4 / 5 / 6 / 7
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: B. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
Contact: David Morgan, email: southwalesldwa@live.co.uk
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Wednesday 26th September 2018,
Location, Details
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Wednesday 26th September 2018,
Location
Meet at: 08:30, Based on town of Keswick., NY266232
Description: Anyone wishing to join South Wales LDWA on this week's walking trip in Lake District to email David Morgan and advise that they are coming. Details of day's walk will then be provided. Please note that walks will not always start and finish in Keswick.
Grid reference(s):Meet: NY266232, Start: NY266232
Map(s):Explorer: 4 / 5 / 6 / 7
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: B. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
Contact: David Morgan, email: southwalesldwa@live.co.uk
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Thursday 27th September 2018,
Location, Details
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Thursday 27th September 2018,
Location
Meet at: 08:30, Based on town of Keswick., NY266232
Description: Anyone wishing to join South Wales LDWA on this week's walking trip in Lake District to email David Morgan and advise that they are coming. Details of day's walk will then be provided. Please note that walks will not always start and finish in Keswick.
Grid reference(s):Meet: NY266232, Start: NY266232
Map(s):Explorer: 4 / 5 / 6 / 7
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: B. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
Contact: David Morgan, email: southwalesldwa@live.co.uk
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Friday 28th September 2018,
Location, Details
Lake District Trip, 14-18 miles, Friday 28th September 2018,
Location
Meet at: 08:30, Based on town of Keswick., NY266232
Description: Anyone wishing to join South Wales LDWA on this week's walking trip in Lake District to email David Morgan and advise that they are coming. Details of day's walk will then be provided. Please note that walks will not always start and finish in Keswick.
Grid reference(s):Meet: NY266232, Start: NY266232
Map(s):Explorer: 4 / 5 / 6 / 7
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: B. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
Contact: David Morgan, email: southwalesldwa@live.co.uk
A (large) Circle around Caerphilly, c25 miles, Sunday 30th September 2018,
Location, Details
A (large) Circle around Caerphilly, c25 miles, Sunday 30th September 2018,
Location
Meet at: 08:00, Machen Village Hall car park, ST210891
Description: A circular around Caerphilly taking in various summits and sights. Great views. May be somewhat familiar to those who did the old Caerphilly Summits challenge walk...
Notes: About 4500ft ascent. Generally on good paths, although could be a bit of bushwhacking. Boggy in places esp. if it's been wet.
Grid reference(s):Meet: ST210891, Start: ST210891
Map(s):Explorer: 151;152;166
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: B. Walk Grade: Energetic. (What's this?)
Zigzag around the Rhondda, 17 miles, Saturday 6th October 2018,
Location, Details
Zigzag around the Rhondda, 17 miles, Saturday 6th October 2018,
Location
Meet at: 08:00, Meet at Treorchy train station, SS959965
Description: A circular walk around the Rhondda valleys taking in the legendary Treorchy zigzags. Short(ish) walk but with a fair bit of climb (3500ft). Accessible via public transport.
Grid reference(s):Meet: SS959965, Start: SS959965
Map(s):Explorer: 166. Landranger: 170
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: B. Walk Grade: Energetic. (What's this?)
Contact: Jamie Lewis, Tel: 07908271759
On the edge, 15 miles, Wednesday 10th October 2018,
Location, Details
On the edge, 15 miles, Wednesday 10th October 2018,
Location
Meet at: 0900, Keepers Pond car park near Blaenavon, SO254107
Description: Gilwern Hill, Clydach Gorge, cycle route 46, Govilon, Garnddyrys. Great views of the Blacks and beyond, plus lots of industrial history.
Grid reference(s):Meet: SO254107, Start: SO254107
Map(s):Explorer: OL13
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: C. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
South Wales Hundred. Part four: New Tredegar to Cardiff, 29 miles, Saturday 13th October 2018,
Location, Details
South Wales Hundred. Part four: New Tredegar to Cardiff, 29 miles, Saturday 13th October 2018,
Location
Meet at: 07:00, Radyr Railway Station Car Park. Free Car Park, ST134804
Description: The route heads south to Gelligaer and Mynydd Eglwysilan. Then to Llanbradach and a climb to Mynydd y Grug. Then to Mynydd Rudry and onto Caerphilly Mountain the last hill Craig yr Allt. Then downhill to the finish.
Notes: Train from Radyr at 07:08am with a change at Queens St to reach New Tredegar and walk back. Cost approx £5.80. Group ticket will be cheaper.
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: A. Walk Grade: Energetic. (What's this?)
Contact: Rod Hollands, Tel: 01594844829
Social Event: Long Overdue Curry & Quiz, Thursday 18th October 2018,
Location, Details
Social Event: Long Overdue Curry & Quiz, Thursday 18th October 2018,
Location
Meet at: 19:00, The Queen's Hotel Wetherspoons, 19 Bridge Street, Newport, NP20 4AN, ST310881
Description: A long overdue Wetherspoons Curry & Quiz. Newport chosen as those who live in east valleys can arrive by train and the city is halfway between members who live in Cardiff and others in Monmouthshire. Newport Train Station is very close to venue.
Notes: Please email the quiz master to identify if you are coming to assist with table reservations.
Contact: The Quiz Master, email: thequizmaster1@outlook.com
South Wales 2000 Ft Mountains Part 3, 21 miles, Sunday 21st October 2018,
Location, Details
South Wales 2000 Ft Mountains Part 3, 21 miles, Sunday 21st October 2018,
Location
Meet at: 08:00, Free Car Park opposite Llangynidir Village Hall, SO155196
Description: The third of a series of walks that will visit all 35 listed 2000 Ft mountains of South Wales. This walk will visit 4 of the listed mountains.
Notes: 4490 ft Ascent and route on paths for the majority. One section of rough ground means this route is graded as energetic. This is a mountain walk. Attendees to ensure that they have appropriate safety equipment and clothing. High level all day.
Grid reference(s):Meet: SO155196, Start: SO155196
Map(s):Explorer: 12 / 13. Landranger: 160 / 161
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: B. Walk Grade: Energetic. (What's this?)
Contact: David Morgan
AGM walk and meeting, 12 miles, Saturday 27th October 2018,
Location, Details
AGM walk and meeting, 12 miles, Saturday 27th October 2018,
Location
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: C. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
Contact: Claire, Tel: 01633 893710
The Monmouthshire Way Part 5, 18 miles, Saturday 3rd November 2018,
Location, Details
The Monmouthshire Way Part 5, 18 miles, Saturday 3rd November 2018,
Location
Meet at: 08:00, Public Car Park (Free) Penperlleni Village, SO322046
Description: Rescheduled Walk from 17.03.18 due to cancellation caused by adverse weather. The fifth of seven walks of the Monmouthshire Way, a walk designed by David Morgan that explores the ancient county of Monmouthshire. Visiting Whistle Inn, Coity Mountain, a brief foray into Blaenau Gwent, Pontypool Park, Folly Tower, Monmouthshire & Brecon Canal and finishing in Penperlleni. The walk will commence at Keepers Pond and finish at Penperlleni. 2800 ft ascent.
Notes: Members to book themselves onto the minibus. Once spaces are filled, then members will have to make their own car sharing arrangements.
Meet at: 09:30, Keepers' Pond Car Park nr Blaenavon, SO254107
Description: A short mid-week walk with a difference. Bring a bin bag. We will walk and also clear any litter that we see in this iconically beautiful area.
Grid reference(s):Meet: SO254107, Start: SO254107
Map(s):Explorer: 13. Landranger: 161 / 171
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: C. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
Contact: David Morgan, email: southwalesldwa@live.co.uk
3 Rings of Nant Crew Bridge, 22 miles, Saturday 10th November 2018,
Location, Details
3 Rings of Nant Crew Bridge, 22 miles, Saturday 10th November 2018,
Location
Meet at: 09:00, Nant Crew Bridge A470 , SN993162
Description: 3 loops from Nant Crew Bridge taking in the (Much) quieter areas of the Brecon Beacons
Notes: Loops will be around 7 Miles, 6 Miles & 8 Miles
Grid reference(s):Meet: SN993162, Start: SN993162
Map(s):Explorer: OL12
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: B. Walk Grade: Demanding. (What's this?)
Contact: Jason Winney, Tel: 07798521550
There’s an estate to get into!, 15 miles, Wednesday 14th November 2018,
Location, Details
There’s an estate to get into!, 15 miles, Wednesday 14th November 2018,
Location
Meet at: 0900, Goetre Hall Wood car park, just off A4042, SO317062
Description: Low level, taking in Nantyderry, river Usk, Llanover estate, canal
Notes: Hopefully a coffee stop at the Hummingbird Café in the afternoon
Grid reference(s):Meet: SO317062, Start: SO317062
Map(s):Explorer: OL13
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: C. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
The Inbetweeners, 25 miles, Saturday 24th November 2018,
Location, Details
The Inbetweeners, 25 miles, Saturday 24th November 2018,
Location
Meet at: 09:00, Cwmdu Village Hall, SO180240
Description: A route walking the localised hills sandwiched in between the Black Mountains and the Brecon Beacons
Notes: Walk will end up in the dark so please bring a torch
Grid reference(s):Meet: SO180240, Start: SO180240
Map(s):Explorer: OL13
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: A. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
Contact: Jason Winney, Tel: 07798521550
Social Event: Introduction to Night Navigation, 6 miles, Sunday 25th November 2018,
Location, Details
Social Event: Introduction to Night Navigation, 6 miles, Sunday 25th November 2018,
Location
Meet at: 17:00, Meet at Storey Arms Car park opposite the Outdoor Centre, SN983203
Description: Introducing you to night navigation on Fan Fawr, putting to use all the skills you learned from the 3 previous courses on Mountain Navigation you'll get to grips with finding your way about the hil at night
Notes: Dress for winter and bring a hot drink, also your OL12 map and a compass, also a headtorch with additional batteries
Contact: Jason Winney, Tel: 07798521550
Christmas walk & meal, 12 miles, Saturday 8th December 2018,
Location, Details
Christmas walk & meal, 12 miles, Saturday 8th December 2018,
Location
Meet at: 09:00, Redbrook car park, charges apply., SO53620997
Description: Short walk followed by meal at The Bell, Redbrook
The Little Ridge with a BIG Bite, 19 miles, Saturday 15th December 2018,
Location, Details
The Little Ridge with a BIG Bite, 19 miles, Saturday 15th December 2018,
Location
Meet at: 09:00, Llanfrynach Village, meet by the public loo's, SO074257
Description: Walking out to Waun Rydd and returning via the Talybont Forest
Grid reference(s):Meet: SO074257, Start: SO074257
Map(s):Explorer: OL12
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: B. Walk Grade: Energetic. (What's this?)
Contact: Jason Winney, Tel: 07798521550
Sergeant Major Splatt Pudding – The secret Arch, 20 miles, Tuesday 1st January 2019,
Location, Details
Sergeant Major Splatt Pudding – The secret Arch, 20 miles, Tuesday 1st January 2019,
Location
Meet at: 09:00, Carpark in Treharris, ST102976
Description: Seeking out the Arch the Valleys Hundred went past up on Rhymney Hill
Grid reference(s):Meet: ST102976, Start: ST209890
Map(s):Explorer: 166/OL13
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: B. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
Contact: Jason Winney, Tel: 07798521550
Social Event: Introduction to night Navigation Part 2, 6 miles, Sunday 13th January 2019,
Location, Details
Social Event: Introduction to night Navigation Part 2, 6 miles, Sunday 13th January 2019,
Location
Meet at: 17:00, Meet at Storey Arms Car Park opposite the Outdoor Centre, SN983203
Description: A more advanced night studying contours in depth and just putting all of your ability though its paces. Relocating in the dark and boosting your confidence to be able to walk at night with just a map and compass.
Notes: Dress for winter and bring a hot drink, also your OL12 map and a compass, also a headtorch with additional batteries
Contact: Jason Winney, Tel: 07798521550
South Wales 2000 Ft Mountains Part 2 – Winter Version, 18 miles, Sunday 20th January 2019,
Location, Details
South Wales 2000 Ft Mountains Part 2 – Winter Version, 18 miles, Sunday 20th January 2019,
Location
Meet at: 08:00, Llanthony Priory Car Park (Free), SO289278
Description: The second of a series of walks that will visit all 35 listed 2000 Ft mountains of South Wales. This walk will visit 5 of the listed mountains. This was was abandoned in July due to appalling weather. The winter version will have less climbing than the planned summer version.
Notes: This is a mountain walk. Attendees to ensure that they have appropriate safety equipment and clothing. High level most of the day. Attendees will be asked to confirm that they have winter equipment in their rucksacks. If unsure what constitutes safety winter equipment, please contact the walk leader for clarification. 2948 ft ascent.
Grid reference(s):Meet: SO289278, Start: SO289278
Map(s):Explorer: 13. Landranger: 161
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: C. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
Contact: David Morgan, email: southwalesldwa@live.co.uk
A Black Mountains Classic, 17 miles, Saturday 26th January 2019,
Location, Details
A Black Mountains Classic, 17 miles, Saturday 26th January 2019,
Location
Meet at: 09:00, Meet at the Queens Head in Stanton (£2 Parking Fee), SO307222
Description: Walking out to Crug Mawr from the Queens Head
Grid reference(s):Meet: SO307222, Start: SO307222
Map(s):Explorer: OL13
Ascent/Walk Grades:Ascent Grade: C. Walk Grade: Moderate. (What's this?)
Description: THIS IS A CHALLENGE EVENT AND NOT A SOCIAL WALK. IT IS ORGANISED BY THE SOUTH WALES LDWA COMMITTEE TO ENABLE SOUTH WALES LDWA MEMBERS AND OTHER GUESTS TO ENJOY A CHALLENGE WALK IN THE AREA.
Notes: Entries can only be made on-line at:
https://www.sientries.co.uk/event.php?event_id=4495
Exchange Weekend: West Yorkshire Weekend Away, Saturday 30th March 2019,
Location, Details
Exchange Weekend: West Yorkshire Weekend Away, Saturday 30th March 2019,
Location
, Skipton Area. Travelodge in Skipton will be the base for accommodation., sd973523
Description: This will be a weekend away for the South Wales LDWA as we are being hosted by West Yorkshire LDWA. Later in the year, South Wales LDWA will host West Yorkshire LDWA.
Notes: Walking in the Yorkshire Dales National Park hosted by West Yorkshire LDWA.
Grid reference(s):Meet: sd973523, Start: sd973523
Map(s):
Contact: David Morgan, email: southwalesldwa@live.co.uk
Exchange Weekend: West Yorkshire Weekend Away, Sunday 31st March 2019,
Location, Details
Exchange Weekend: West Yorkshire Weekend Away, Sunday 31st March 2019,
Location
, Skipton Area. Travelodge in Skipton will be the base for accommodation., sd973523
Description: This will be a weekend away for the South Wales LDWA as we are being hosted by West Yorkshire LDWA. Later in the year, South Wales LDWA will host West Yorkshire LDWA.
Notes: Walking in the Yorkshire Dales National Park hosted by West Yorkshire LDWA.
Grid reference(s):Meet: sd973523, Start: sd973523
Map(s):
Contact: David Morgan, email: southwalesldwa@live.co.uk
Hadrian Hundred Marshals’ Walk, 100 miles, Monday 6th May 2019
Hadrian Hundred, 100 miles, Saturday 25th May 2019, Details
Hadrian Hundred, 100 miles, Saturday 25th May 2019
Hadrian Hundred, 100 miles, Sunday 26th May 2019, Details
Hadrian Hundred, 100 miles, Sunday 26th May 2019
Hadrian Hundred, 100 miles, Monday 27th May 2019, Details
Hadrian Hundred, 100 miles, Monday 27th May 2019
Social Event: Advanced Navigation for Walkers, 6 miles, Sunday 30th June 2019, Details
Social Event: Advanced Navigation for Walkers, 6 miles, Sunday 30th June 2019
Meet at: 10:00, Layby near to Craig y Nos - TBC
Description: Practicing advanced navigation techiques including relocation, grid references, bearings and contour interperatation.
Notes: Route covers upland terrain which is rugged and there is some simple srambling as well.
Contact: Jason Winney, Tel: 07798521550
Y 100 Sir Fynwy Marshals’ Walk, 100 miles, Saturday 2nd May 2020, Details
Y 100 Sir Fynwy Marshals’ Walk, 100 miles, Saturday 2nd May 2020
Description: The marshals' walk that group members arte invited to enter as all will be helping on the main event. Anybody who is not intending to enter is invited to make contact with Alwyn Nixon to provide assistance.
Y 100 Sir Fynwy Marshals’ Walk, 100 miles, Sunday 3rd May 2020, Details
Y 100 Sir Fynwy Marshals’ Walk, 100 miles, Sunday 3rd May 2020
Description: The marshals' walk that group members arte invited to enter as all will be helping on the main event. Anybody who is not intending to enter is invited to make contact with Alwyn Nixon to provide assistance.
Y 100 Sir Fynwy Marshals’ Walk, 100 miles, Monday 4th May 2020, Details
Y 100 Sir Fynwy Marshals’ Walk, 100 miles, Monday 4th May 2020
Description: The marshals' walk that group members arte invited to enter as all will be helping on the main event. Anybody who is not intending to enter is invited to make contact with Alwyn Nixon to provide assistance.
Y 100 Sir Fynwy, 100 miles, Saturday 23rd May 2020,
Location, Details
Y 100 Sir Fynwy, 100 miles, Saturday 23rd May 2020,
Location
Description: The annual LDWA 100 mile walk. Considerable assistance from South Wales LDWA members will be needed.
Y 100 Sir Fynwy, 100 miles, Sunday 24th May 2020,
Location, Details
Y 100 Sir Fynwy, 100 miles, Sunday 24th May 2020,
Location
Description: The annual LDWA 100 mile walk. Considerable assistance from South Wales LDWA members will be needed.
Y 100 Sir Fynwy, 100 miles, Monday 25th May 2020,
Location, Details
Y 100 Sir Fynwy, 100 miles, Monday 25th May 2020,
Location
Description: The annual LDWA 100 mile walk. Considerable assistance from South Wales LDWA members will be needed.
